Knowledge branch 12 · Seminars 6 and 18
Enforcement、Liability与Remedies
公司归责与个人责任
ENGLISH
CCA ss 139B-139C attribute conduct and state of mind through directors, employees or agents acting within actual or apparent authority. An employee may also be directly liable for personal conduct where the substantive provision applies. Attribution to the company does not automatically erase the individual's exposure.
中文解释
CCA ss 139B-139C可通过在实际或表见授权范围内行动的董事、雇员或代理人，把行为及主观状态归于公司。雇员自己的行为符合实体条款时也可能直接承担责任；公司归责不会自动消除个人责任。
帮助者责任
ENGLISH
A person involved in a contravention may be liable by aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring, inducing, being knowingly concerned or conspiring. The accessory must know the essential facts and participate, but need not know that those facts amount to an ACL contravention as a matter of law.
中文解释
通过帮助、教唆、建议、促成、诱导、明知参与或共谋而参与违法的人可能承担责任。Accessory必须知道构成违法的关键事实并积极参与，但无需知道这些事实在法律上构成ACL违法。
ACCC角色与权力
ENGLISH
The ACCC prioritises systemic harm, vulnerable consumers, widespread detriment, national traders, cost-of-living concerns and matters that clarify the law. It is not the ordinary forum for resolving a single private dispute. Its tools include investigation, CCA s 155 notices, enforceable undertakings, infringement notices, public warnings and court proceedings.
中文解释
ACCC优先处理系统性损害、脆弱消费者、广泛损害、全国性经营者、生活成本问题及有助于澄清法律的案件。它通常不是解决单个私人纠纷的机构。其工具包括调查、CCA s 155通知、可执行承诺、infringement notice、公开警告及法院诉讼。
私人及公共救济
ENGLISH
Part 5-2 remedies include damages under s 236, injunctions under s 232 and compensation or other orders under ss 237-243, including rescission, variation, refund, repair and service orders. Public orders can include pecuniary penalties under s 224, corrective or adverse publicity orders and disqualification. The correct remedy depends on the cause of action.
中文解释
Part 5-2救济包括s 236损害赔偿、s 232禁令及ss 237-243赔偿或其他命令，例如撤销、变更、退款、维修及提供服务。公共执法命令还可包括s 224罚款、纠正或不利宣传命令及取消任职资格。必须按具体诉因选择正确救济。
损害赔偿、限制与抗辩
ENGLISH
Section 236 requires a contravention, recognised loss or damage and causation - loss suffered because of the contravention - together with remoteness and limitation analysis. Depending on the claim, contributory negligence, proportionate liability, personal-injury restrictions, professional-liability schemes, recreational-service exclusions and publisher defences may matter.
中文解释
s 236要求存在违法、可识别的损失或损害，并证明损失因违法而产生，同时处理损失范围及诉讼时效。根据具体请求，还可能涉及共同过失、比例责任、人身伤害限制、专业责任制度、娱乐服务排除及出版者抗辩。